Why aren't my dog's testicles dropping, and what should I do about it?
Testicles typically descend into the scrotum between 6 to 8 weeks of age in most male puppies, and this process is crucial for normal reproductive function.
Cryptorchidism is the condition where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum, affecting approximately 1-2% of male dogs.
The gubernaculum is a fibrous cord that plays a vital role in guiding the testicles from the abdomen to the scrotum during development.
Retained testicles can remain in the abdominal cavity or the inguinal canal, which may lead to complications such as testicular torsion, where the testicle twists and cuts off its blood supply.
Cryptorchid dogs may still produce testosterone, but they typically do not produce viable sperm, leading to infertility.
The risk of developing testicular tumors is significantly higher in dogs with retained testicles, with studies showing a 10-13 times increased risk compared to dogs with descended testicles.
Some breeds, such as the Boxer, Bulldog, and Yorkshire Terrier, are more predisposed to cryptorchidism, suggesting a genetic component to the condition.
Testicular descent is influenced by hormones produced by the testes and other factors, including temperature, which is why the scrotum acts as a temperature regulator for sperm production.
If both testicles are retained, the dog may be monorchid, meaning that only one testicle developed normally, which can complicate treatment options.
Surgical intervention, known as orchiectomy, is often recommended for retained testicles to prevent health risks, including cancer and torsion.
Undescended testicles can sometimes be palpated in the abdomen or inguinal area during a veterinary examination, but imaging techniques like ultrasound may be necessary for a definitive diagnosis.
In some cases, retained testicles can be located in areas outside the traditional scrotal region, making diagnosis and treatment more complex.
The descent of testicles is regulated by a delicate balance of hormones, particularly testosterone, which influences the gubernaculum and other structures involved in the descent.
The timing of testicular descent can vary among breeds; for example, giant breeds may experience a delay compared to smaller breeds.
Some veterinarians recommend monitoring the situation until about 6 months of age, as some dogs may still experience natural descent during this period.
Cryptorchidism can be hereditary, leading some breeders to avoid breeding affected dogs to reduce the prevalence in future generations.
The longer a testicle remains undescended, the more likely it is to develop abnormalities, necessitating early intervention.
The relationship between undescended testicles and other congenital conditions is an area of ongoing research, as some dogs may exhibit multiple issues.
Following surgical removal of an undescended testicle, it is crucial to monitor the dog for signs of complications such as infection or hemorrhage.
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of cryptorchidism can help veterinarians develop tailored treatment plans and educate dog owners about the importance of early detection and intervention.